ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Elderly men have been characterized as a group vulnerable to suicide, motivated by loneliness, loss of loved ones and feelings of uselessness to family members. OBJECTIVES: To ascertain the prevalence of different mental disorders among elderly men who attempted suicide. DESIGN AND SETTING: Systematic review of observational studies developed as a result of a partnership between two postgraduate schools (Lagarto and Uberlândia). METHODS: An electronic search was performed in eight electronic databases, including "grey literature", in January 2019. Observational studies that assessed mental disorders among men older than 60 years who attempted suicide were eligible for inclusion. RESULTS: Among the disorders evaluated, mood disorders had the highest prevalence (42.0%; 95% confidence interval, CI: 31.0-74.0%; I2: 0.0%; P = 0.763), followed by substance use-related disorders (41.0%; 95% CI: 8.0-74.0%; I2: 96.4; P < 0.001) and, lastly, schizophrenic disorders (5.0%; 95% CI: 0.0%-14.0%; I2: 80.3%; P = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS: It seems that mood disorders and substance use-related disorders are quite prevalent among elderly men with mental disorders who attempted suicide. It is important to consider the role of healthcare services in making early diagnoses of mental disorders among elderly men, in order to diminish the chances of suicide attempts among them. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: CRD42018105981.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Aged , Substance-Related Disorders , Mental Disorders , Suicide, Attempted , Prevalence , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Mouth breathing leads to negative consequences on quality of life, especially in school-age children. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the breathing pattern influences children's learning process. METHODS: This systematic review was carried out according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) instructions, with no restrictions regarding the year of publication and language, created based on the clinical question formulation according to the Problem/Patient/Population, Intervention/Indicator, Comparison, Outcome (PICO) strategy: "Is the mouth-breathing child more likely to have learning disabilities when compared to nasal breathers?" in the SciELO, PubMed, LILACS, and Scopus electronic databases. Google Scholar was used to search the gray literature. The keywords "learning," "mouth breathing," and their equivalent terms in Portuguese were used in an integrated manner. The studies included in the review were observational, conducted with schoolchildren aged 7-11 years. Afterwards, the studies were evaluated regarding their methodological quality. The research was performed by two eligible reviewers. RESULTS: A total of 357 records were obtained, of which 43 records were duplicate. After applying the eligibility criteria, ten articles were included in the research scope. Half of the studies used a control group and otorhinolaryngological assessment, whereas a minority used validated (20%) and sample calculation protocols (10%). The evaluation procedures were varied. Overall, 80% of the articles showed a higher incidence of learning disabilities among mouth breathers. CONCLUSION: This systematic review has shown that mouth breathers are more likely to have learning difficulties than nasal breathers.
Resumo Introdução: A respiração oral traz consequências negativas para a qualidade de vida das pessoas, principalmente para escolares. Objetivo: Verificar se o modo respiratório influencia no processo de aprendizagem infantil. Método: Esta revisão sistemática foi realizada seguindo as instruções PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses), sem restrição quanto ao ano de publicação e idioma, elaborada a partir da formulação de questão clínica elaborada pela estratégia P.I.C.O.: ''A criança respiradora oral tem mais chances de apresentar dificuldades de aprendizagem quando comparada à respiradora nasal?'', nas bases de dados eletrônicas SciELO, PubMed, LILACS e Scopus. Foi utilizado o Google Scholar para pesquisa da literatura cinza. As palavras-chave ''aprendizagem'', ''respiração bucal'', ''learning'' e ''mouth breathing'' foram utilizadas de forma integrada. Os estudos incluídos foram observacionais, realizados com escolares entre sete e onze anos. Em seguida, os estudos foram avaliados quanto à sua qualidade metodológica. Toda a pesquisa foi realizada por dois revisores de elegibilidade. Resultados: Foram obtidos 357 registros, sendo 314 blindados (43 registros em duplicidade). Após os critérios de elegibilidade, dez artigos integraram o escopo desta pesquisa. Metade dos estudos usou grupo controle e fez uso de avaliação otorrinolaringológica, a minoria fez uso de protocolos validados (20%) e de cálculo amostral (10%). Os procedimentos de avaliação foram variados. De forma geral, 80% dos artigos evidenciaram maior ocorrência de distúrbio de aprendizagem em respiradores orais. Conclusão: Esta revisão sistemática demonstrou que indivíduos com respiração oral apresentam maior tendência de dificuldades na aprendizagem do que os nasais.